Base and quote currency explained
Read a currency pair in the right direction, invert an exchange rate, and interpret the base and currency fields in an FX API response.
Guides
Economics · FX · Commodities · Calendars
How currency conversion works
Convert an amount using an exchange rate, handle the reverse direction, and distinguish a reference conversion from a payout after fees.
Exchange-rate precision and rounding
Keep decimal exchange rates accurate, round monetary results once, and understand half-even rounding with reproducible Python examples.
Cross rates explained
Calculate a currency cross rate from two rates with a shared base, check the direction, and avoid mismatched timestamps or rounding inputs too early.
Exchange rate timestamps and freshness
Distinguish observation time from request time, read stale and market-session fields, and design a freshness check for an exchange-rate application.
Fed meeting dates 2026 and 2027: FOMC meeting schedule
Fed meeting dates for 2026 and 2027, with the FOMC meeting schedule, SEP meetings and timing to help you find the next Fed meeting.
CPI release schedule 2026: next CPI release date
CPI release schedule for 2026: find the next CPI release date, reference months and 08:30 Eastern Time publication times for US consumer prices.
PPI release dates 2026: producer price index schedule
PPI release dates for 2026 from BLS, with reference months, 08:30 Eastern Time publication times and the status of the 2027 producer price index schedule.
US jobs report dates 2026: nonfarm payrolls schedule
US jobs report dates for 2026: find each NFP release date in the BLS Employment Situation schedule, with reference months and 08:30 Eastern Time publication times.
US retail sales release dates 2026
US retail sales release dates for 2026 from the Census Bureau, with 13 releases, reference months and 08:30 Eastern Time publication times.
ECB meeting dates 2026 and 2027
The ECB's remaining 2026 and eight 2027 monetary policy meetings, with two-day date ranges and guidance on decision timing.
Bank of England meeting dates 2026 and 2027
Confirmed Bank of England MPC dates for 2026 and 2027, with eight Thursday announcements each year and Monetary Policy Report markers.
UK CPI release dates 2026
The ONS consumer price inflation schedule from January 2026 to January 2027, with 13 releases, reference months, and 07:00 UK publication times.
RBA meeting dates 2026 and 2027
The RBA Monetary Policy Board schedule for 2026 and 2027, with eight two-day meetings each year and decision statements at 14:30 Sydney time.
Bank of Canada meeting dates 2026 and 2027
Bank of Canada interest rate announcement dates for 2026 and 2027, with eight fixed dates each year and four Monetary Policy Reports.
Bank of Japan meeting dates 2026 and 2027
Bank of Japan Monetary Policy Meeting dates for 2026 and 2027, with eight two-day meetings each year and Outlook Report publication timing.
US PCE release dates 2026
US PCE release dates for 2026 from BEA's Personal Income and Outlays schedule, with reference months, publication times, and the January exception.
Canada CPI release dates 2026
Canada CPI release dates from Statistics Canada, with 13 releases covering December 2025 to December 2026 data at 08:30 Eastern Time.
Canada jobs report dates 2026
Canada Labour Force Survey dates, with 13 releases covering December 2025 to December 2026 data and 08:30 Eastern Time publication times.
US GDP release dates 2026: GDP report schedule
US GDP release dates for 2026 from BEA, with 13 GDP report releases, quarterly estimate labels and 08:30 Eastern Time publication times.
US JOLTS release dates 2026
The 2026 BLS JOLTS schedule, with 12 releases, reference months, and 10:00 Eastern Time publication times.
UK jobs report dates 2026
The 2026 ONS labour market schedule, with 12 releases, rolling three-month reference periods, and 07:00 UK publication times.
SNB meeting dates 2026 and 2027
The remaining SNB assessment date in 2026 and four dates in 2027, with press releases at 09:30 and news conferences at 10:00 Zurich time.
How Narwhal keeps official data current
How Narwhal checks official releases, validates complete publications, and keeps the last accepted data available.
What is live in the Economics API
The countries, official publishers, release families, and 18 operations in Narwhal's public Economics API.
Make your first economics request
Send one authenticated request for US CPI, read the response, and understand the most common API errors.
How historical exchange rates work
How Narwhal returns real observation dates, sparse currencies, and bounded FX history pages.
How exchange-rate APIs handle weekends
How market session, timestamps, and stale state explain an FX rate when markets are closed.
CPI vs inflation rate: how to calculate inflation
Calculate the inflation rate using CPI, compare monthly and annual changes, and request index levels and rates through the Economics API.
Unemployment rate and participation explained
Learn who counts as unemployed, how participation changes the picture, and how to read labour market rates with the Narwhal API.
GDP vs GDP growth rate: levels, rates and revisions
GDP growth rate and GDP levels measure different things. Compare real growth, quarterly and annualised rates, revisions and Economics API response fields.
Trade balance explained: exports minus imports
Understand merchandise exports, imports, deficits, and surpluses, then request trade totals and read their currency and coverage fields.
Yield curves explained: maturities and shapes
Understand yield curve shapes and measures. Request curves for the US, the UK, Germany, Japan, and Canada from Narwhal.
Australia public holidays 2027 (New South Wales)
The 15 published New South Wales public and bank holiday dates in 2027, with observed dates preserved; other Australian states and territories are excluded.
Austria public holidays 2027
The 13 statutory national public holidays in Austria in 2027, with dates based on the national holiday law.
Belgium public holidays 2027
The 10 statutory national public holidays in Belgium in 2027, with dates based on the national holiday law.
Brazil public holidays 2027: fixed-date national holidays
Brazil’s nine fixed-date national holidays in 2027, with official federal-law sources. Additional local holidays, optional days, and bridge days are excluded.
Canada public holidays 2027 for federally regulated employers
Canada has 10 statutory general holidays in 2027 for federally regulated private-sector employers. Provincial, federal public-service, and employer-specific substitute days are excluded.
Colombia public holidays 2027
Colombia holidays 2027: 18 national public holidays, with 9 dates moved to Monday under the Emiliani rule.
Croatia public holidays 2027
Croatia has 14 nationwide statutory holidays and non-working days in 2027. Commemorations, individual denominational days and employer arrangements are excluded.
Czechia public holidays 2027
Czechia has 13 nationwide statutory public holiday dates in 2027. Significant days, ordinary Sundays and employer closures are excluded.
Denmark bank holidays 2027
Denmark bank holidays in 2027: 10 closing dates published by Danmarks Nationalbank for the central bank.
Estonia public holidays 2027
Estonia has 12 national public holiday dates in 2027. National days of importance, shortened workdays and employer-specific closures are excluded.
France public holidays 2027
The 11 published France holiday dates in 2027, with the source scope and observed dates preserved.
Germany public holidays 2027: nationwide dates
The nine common nationwide statutory public holidays in Germany in 2027. Dates are checked against Berlin’s official calendar; state-specific holidays are excluded.
Hong Kong public holidays 2027
Hong Kong lists 17 general holiday dates in 2027. Ordinary Sundays are excluded from this table.
Indonesia public holidays 2027
Indonesia's 18 national public holiday dates in 2027, with 8 cuti bersama dates listed separately in the three-minister decree.
Ireland public holidays 2027
Ireland has 10 nominal national public holiday dates in 2027. Good Friday is not a public holiday, and employer-specific alternatives are excluded.
Italy public holidays 2027
Italy has 12 national civil public holiday dates in 2027, including the new 4 October Saint Francis of Assisi holiday. Regional, municipal, patron-saint, bank and exchange closures are excluded.
Japan public holidays 2027
The 17 published Japan holiday dates in 2027, with the source scope and observed dates preserved.
Latvia public holidays 2027
Latvia has 15 national public holiday dates in 2027, including Mother’s Day and Pentecost. Commemoration days and regional events are excluded.
Lithuania public holidays 2027
Lithuania has 16 national public holiday dates in 2027, including Easter Sunday, Mother’s Day and Father’s Day.
Luxembourg public holidays 2027
The 11 statutory national public holidays in Luxembourg in 2027, with dates based on the national holiday law.
Mexico public holidays 2027
Mexico has 8 nationwide mandatory labour-rest dates in 2027, including the 6 June ordinary federal election day. Banking, state/municipal-only, and sector closures are excluded.
Netherlands public holidays 2027
The Netherlands lists 11 official public holiday dates in 2027, including both Easter and Pentecost days.
New Zealand public holidays 2027
New Zealand has 11 national holidays in 2027. This table contains 16 dates because five observed weekdays are listed separately.
Poland public holidays 2027
Poland has 14 nationwide statutory public holiday dates in 2027. Ordinary Sundays, regional events and employer closures are excluded.
Portugal public holidays 2027
Portugal has 13 nominal nationwide mandatory public holidays in 2027. Optional, municipal, regional and employer-specific holidays are excluded.
Russia public holidays 2027
Russia has 14 statutory public-holiday dates and six additional rest days in 2027 for a five-day working week. Saturday 20 February is a working day.
Singapore public holidays 2027
Singapore lists 12 public holiday dates in 2027, including the observed Monday after Chinese New Year.
Slovakia public holidays 2027
The 13 statutory national public holidays that are days of rest in Slovakia in 2027, excluding working commemorative dates.
Slovenia public holidays 2027
Slovenia has 15 nationwide work-free public holiday dates in 2027. Non-work-free commemorations, local holidays and employer closures are excluded.
South Africa public holidays 2027
South Africa has 14 public holiday dates in the published 2027 schedule, including 22 March and 27 December. School-only holidays are excluded.
Sweden public holidays 2027
The 13 statutory national public holidays in Sweden in 2027, with dates based on the national holiday law.
Taiwan public holidays 2027
Taiwan public holidays in 2027: 24 dates for government offices, including 8 observed substitutes, from the DGPA calendar.
UK bank holidays 2027
All 2027 UK bank holiday dates and weekdays, separated into England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, with substitute days and GOV.UK sources.
US federal holidays 2027
US federal holiday dates in 2027, including observed days and weekdays. Read the OPM schedule, weekend substitution notes and federal-employee scope.
US Federal Reserve holidays 2027
The 11 Federal Reserve System holiday dates in 2027, with Reserve Bank and Board of Governors treatment listed in separate sections.
Argentina public holidays 2026
Argentina public holidays in 2026: 16 national holidays from Argentina.gob.ar, excluding tourist bridge days.
Austria public holidays 2026
The 13 statutory national public holidays in Austria in 2026, with dates based on the national holiday law.
Belgium public holidays 2026
The 10 statutory national public holidays in Belgium in 2026, with dates based on the national holiday law.
Brazil public holidays 2026
Brazil holidays 2026: 10 mandatory, full-day federal-government holidays; optional days and partial closures are excluded.
Canada public holidays 2026 for federally regulated employers
The 10 Canada Labour Code statutory holiday dates in 2026 for federally regulated private-sector employers; provincial and federal public-service calendars are excluded.
China public holidays 2026
China holidays 2026: 33 days off across 7 State Council holiday breaks, including weekends within each break.
Colombia public holidays 2026
Colombia holidays 2026: 18 national public holidays, with 8 dates moved to Monday under the Emiliani rule.
Croatia public holidays 2026
The 14 published Croatia holiday dates in 2026, with the source scope and observed dates preserved.
Czechia public holidays 2026
The 13 published Czechia holiday dates in 2026, with the source scope and observed dates preserved.
Denmark bank holidays 2026
Denmark bank holidays in 2026: 12 closing dates published by Danmarks Nationalbank for the central bank.
Estonia public holidays 2026
The 12 published Estonia holiday dates in 2026, with the source scope and observed dates preserved.
France public holidays 2026
France public holidays in 2026: 11 common national statutory holidays in metropolitan France, excluding regional additions.
Germany public holidays 2026
Germany public holidays in 2026: 9 nationwide statutory holidays from Deutsche Bundesbank, excluding state and local holidays.
Hong Kong public holidays 2026
The 17 published Hong Kong holiday dates in 2026, with the source scope and observed dates preserved.
Indonesia public holidays 2026
The 17 Indonesia national public holiday dates in 2026, with weekdays, Indonesian names and the official SKB source. Cuti bersama is kept separate.
Ireland public holidays 2026
The 10 published Ireland holiday dates in 2026, with the source scope and observed dates preserved.
Italy public holidays 2026
The 12 published Italy holiday dates in 2026, with the source scope and observed dates preserved.
Japan public holidays 2026
Japan public holidays in 2026: 18 national holiday dates, including 1 substitute holiday, from the Cabinet Office.
Latvia public holidays 2026
The 15 published Latvia holiday dates in 2026, with the source scope and observed dates preserved.
Lithuania public holidays 2026
The 16 published Lithuania holiday dates in 2026, with the source scope and observed dates preserved.
Luxembourg public holidays 2026
The 11 statutory national public holidays in Luxembourg in 2026, with dates based on the national holiday law.
Mexico public holidays 2026
The 7 published Mexico holiday dates in 2026, with the source scope and observed dates preserved.
Netherlands public holidays 2026
The 11 published Netherlands holiday dates in 2026, with the source scope and observed dates preserved.
New Zealand public holidays 2026
The 13 published New Zealand holiday dates in 2026, with the source scope and observed dates preserved.
Norway bank holidays 2026
Norway bank holidays in 2026: 11 closing dates published for Norges Bank's settlement system, including Christmas Eve.
Poland public holidays 2026
The 14 published Poland holiday dates in 2026, with the source scope and observed dates preserved.
Portugal public holidays 2026
The 13 published Portugal holiday dates in 2026, with the source scope and observed dates preserved.
Singapore public holidays 2026
The 14 published Singapore holiday dates in 2026, with the source scope and observed dates preserved.
Slovakia public holidays 2026
The 11 statutory national public holidays that are days of rest in Slovakia in 2026, excluding working commemorative dates.
Slovenia public holidays 2026
The 15 published Slovenia holiday dates in 2026, with the source scope and observed dates preserved.
South Africa public holidays 2026
The 14 published South Africa holiday dates in 2026, with the source scope and observed dates preserved.
Spain public holidays 2026
Spain public holidays in 2026: 8 dates common to all autonomous communities, Ceuta and Melilla, excluding regional and local days.
Sweden public holidays 2026
The 13 statutory national public holidays in Sweden in 2026, with dates based on the national holiday law.
Taiwan public holidays 2026
Taiwan public holidays in 2026: 22 dates for government offices, including 6 observed substitutes, from the DGPA calendar.
UK bank holidays 2026
All 2026 UK bank holiday dates and weekdays, separated into England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, with substitute days and GOV.UK sources.
US federal holidays 2026
US federal holiday dates in 2026, including observed days and weekdays. Read the OPM schedule, weekend substitution notes and federal-employee scope.
US Federal Reserve holidays 2026
The 11 Federal Reserve System holiday dates in 2026, with Reserve Bank and Board of Governors treatment listed in separate sections.
The difference between FFB and CPO
Why Palmoil FFB schedules differ from CPO prices. Available with a Narwhal API key
Troy ounces to grams: conversion for metal prices
Troy ounces to grams: convert metal weights and prices per gram, distinguish ordinary ounces and keep units and rounding explicit.
How to calculate gold price per gram from spot
Calculate gold price per gram from a spot price per troy ounce. Keep the currency, timestamp and gold content with each conversion.
Silver spot price per ounce and per gram explained
Spot silver price per ounce and per gram: convert troy-ounce prices, account for fineness and read the timestamp and stale status in Narwhal responses.
Platinum spot price explained: ounces and grams
Platinum spot price in US dollars per troy ounce, with gram conversions, metal-content calculations and examples of Narwhal price and history requests.
Palladium spot price explained: ounces and grams
Palladium spot price per troy ounce and per gram, with fineness calculations and Narwhal request examples that preserve the timestamp and stale status.
WTI vs Brent: reading crude oil prices
Compare WTI and Brent crude oil benchmarks, contract months and USD-per-barrel quotes, with a worked spread example and checks for historical charts.
Natural gas prices: MMBtu, volume and contracts
Understand natural gas energy and volume units, Henry Hub contracts and heat-content assumptions. Convert an illustrative price from USD/Mcf to USD/MMBtu.
Copper price per pound and per metric ton explained
Copper price per ton and per pound: convert the units, check quotation scales and compare contract quantities before reading a price difference.
Crude palm oil (CPO) prices: Indonesia and Malaysia
Crude palm oil prices in Indonesia and Malaysia: compare CPO reference prices and daily market averages, their currencies, periods and units.